For Americans planning cruise ship vacations this spring or summer, there could be reason to worry about more than rough seas, experts say.
Recent government cuts included top staff at the Vessel Sanitation Program, which is run by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and conducts inspections and investigates illnesses.
The reductions, part of larger Trump administration cuts, come amid a surge in cruise ship outbreaks fueled by a new strain of norovirus.
So far this year, there have been reported on cruise ships in the CDC’s jurisdiction, mostly from norovirus, compared with 18 outbreaks in all of 2024 and 14 in 2023, VSP reports show. U.S. officials conducted nearly 200 inspections of 150 ships last year.
鈥淐ertainly it鈥檚 something that would be on my mind if was getting ready to get on that cruise ship,鈥 said Donald Schaffner, a food science expert at Rutgers University.
Here’s what you need to know about staying safe on board:
What happened to the CDC’s Vessel Sanitation Program?
U.S. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. launched a of the nation鈥檚 health agencies in April. The move eliminated the CDC鈥檚 Division of Environmental Health Science and Practice, which housed the cruise ship vessel program, along with others focused on asthma, air quality, lead exposure in children and other issues.
Four full-time CDC staff, including scientists, were dismissed, said Erik Svendsen, the division鈥檚 fired former director. The program also employed 12 U.S. Public Health Service commissioned officers, who remain.
The officers, however, lack the expertise of the scientists who were let go, Svendsen said. In addition, the program was already understaffed, he said.
鈥淚t鈥檚 going to put them back many months before they鈥檙e really functional again,鈥 he said.
A CDC spokesperson said in a statement that the VSP work 鈥渉as not stopped.鈥
鈥淐ritical programs in the CDC will continue under Secretary Kennedy鈥檚 vision to streamline HHS to better serve Americans,鈥 the statement said.
How often do cruise passengers get sick?
About 18 million people board cruises in North America each year, part of nearly 32 million passengers worldwide, according to the Cruise Lines International Association, an industry trade group. Cruise industry officials say the chance of contracting a gastrointestinal illness is far greater on land than on a ship.
Norovirus is the most common ailment tracked on ships, though other outbreaks do occur.
Of the 19 million to 21 million norovirus illnesses that occur each year in the U.S., less than 1% are tied to cruises, said Lee-Ann Jaykus, a North Carolina State University food microbiologist and virologist who has studied norovirus.
But even that fraction of cases can mean misery for many hundreds of people on ships who come down with symptoms that include sudden onset of vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain that can last three days, according to the CDC.
Norovirus is highly contagious, often spread by food or on surfaces, particularly in crowded conditions. It is a short-lived illness for many people, but it can be dangerous for people with underlying health conditions, young children and those aged 65 and older.
What about this new strain of norovirus?
There are many different types of norovirus, but typically one dominant strain causes illness outbreaks, Jaykus said.
This year, a new epidemic strain has emerged, called GII.17. This version has circulated at low levels for years, but it was behind a surge in U.S. norovirus outbreaks this past winter.
Between Aug. 1 and April 9, more than 2,400 suspected or confirmed norovirus outbreaks were reported to a CDC monitoring system, roughly double for the same period a year earlier. The GII.17 strain has been responsible , the CDC reported.
鈥淚t鈥檚 new to the population,鈥 Jaykus said, which means most people don’t have immunity to the germ, so it can spread more widely.
I booked a cruise! How can I keep from getting sick?
People infected with norovirus typically shed 鈥渓iterally billions of viral particles,鈥 said Schaffner, the food safety expert. And it only takes a few viral particles to make someone sick.
The first rule should be for sick people to stay home, he said. That’s not possible on a cruise.
If people get sick on a cruise ship, they鈥檙e required to report the illness and isolate themselves, but many fail to do so.
鈥淵ou spent all this money for a fancy cruise and you鈥檙e feeling a little bit under the weather, so you tough it out,鈥 Schaffner said. 鈥淏ut in the meantime, now you spread the virus.”
Passengers should be alert for signs of illness, even in other travelers. Vomit, for instance, can spread norovirus particles into the air, Schaffner noted.
鈥淚f you鈥檙e in a situation where you see someone vomit, immediately walk away from them, ideally into the wind,鈥 he said.
Washing hands frequently is key, especially after using the bathroom or before eating and drinking. Using soap and water is best; wash for at least 20 seconds, scrubbing well. Hand sanitizer alone doesn鈥檛 work well against norovirus, .
Cruise lines have extensive sanitation protocols in place that are monitored through the CDC鈥檚 vessel program, which is paid for by industry through inspection and other fees that total tens of thousands of dollars per ship per year.
It remains to be seen how cuts to the program will affect inspections and outbreak investigations in the future, Schaffner said.
鈥淚f you want to have no disease outbreaks, all you have to do is fire all the epidemiologists,鈥 he said. 鈥淎nd there’ll be no one there to investigate.鈥
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