DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) 鈥 A 30-day window to stop the reimposition of United Nations sanctions on Iran is closing, likely meaning Tehran will face new pressure on its ailing economy as tensions remain high in the wider Mideast over the Israel-Hamas war in the Gaza Strip.
As the U.N. General Assembly meets this week in New York, and have a last chance to try to halt the sanctions. The clock started when on Aug. 28 declared Iran wasn’t complying with its 2015 nuclear deal with world powers.
Tehran has argued without success that the deal was voided by the United States’ unilateral withdrawal from the accord in 2018 under President Donald Trump’s first administration. Since then, Iran has severely restricted required inspections by the U.N. nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency, particularly after the 12-day war Israel launched on Iran in June. That war saw both .
Here’s what to know about Iran’s nuclear sites, 鈥渟napback鈥 sanctions and other issues raising tensions between Iran and the West.
What is 鈥榮napback鈥 and how does it work?
The 鈥渟napback鈥 process, as it is called by the diplomats who negotiated it into Iran鈥檚 2015 nuclear deal with world powers, was designed to be veto-proof at the U.N. Security Council and could take effect 30 days after parties to the deal told the Security Council that Iran was not complying. It would again freeze Iranian assets abroad, halt arms deals with Tehran, and penalize any development of Iran鈥檚 ballistic missile program, among other measures.
The power to impose 鈥渟napback鈥 expires Oct. 18, which likely prompted the European countries to use it before they lost the measure. After that, any sanctions effort would face a veto from U.N. Security Council members China and Russia, nations that have provided support to Iran in the past. China has remained a major buyer of Iranian crude oil, something that could be affected if 鈥渟napback鈥 happens, while Russia has relied on Iranian drones in its war on Ukraine.
Why does Iran鈥檚 nuclear program worry the West?
Iran has insisted for decades that its nuclear program is peaceful. However, its officials . Iran now enriches uranium to near-weapons-grade levels, the only country in the world without a nuclear weapons program to do so.
Under the original 2015 nuclear deal, Iran was allowed to enrich uranium up to 3.67% purity and to maintain a uranium stockpile of 300 kilograms (661 pounds). The IAEA put Iran’s stockpile just before the war at 9,874.9 kilograms (21,770.4 pounds), with 440.9 kilograms (972 pounds) of uranium enriched up to 60%. That would allow Iran to build several nuclear weapons, should it choose to do so.
U.S. intelligence agencies assess that Iran has yet to begin a weapons program, but has 鈥渦ndertaken activities that better position it to produce a nuclear device, if it chooses to do so.鈥
US struck three major Iranian nuclear sites during Israel war
Iran鈥檚 nuclear facility at Natanz, located some 220 kilometers (135 miles) southeast of Tehran, is the country鈥檚 main enrichment site and had already been targeted by Israeli airstrikes when the U.S. attacked it in June. Uranium had been enriched to up to 60% purity at the site 鈥 a short step away from weapons grade 鈥 before Israel destroyed the aboveground part of the facility, according to the IAEA.
Another part of the facility on Iran鈥檚 Central Plateau is underground to defend against airstrikes. It operates multiple 鈥渃ascades,鈥 groups of centrifuges that work together to more quickly enrich uranium. The IAEA has said it believes that most if not all of these centrifuges were destroyed by an Israeli strike that cut off power to the site. The U.S. also dropped so-called on the site, likely heavily damaging it.
Iran鈥檚 nuclear enrichment facility at Fordo, located some 100 kilometers (60 miles) southwest of Tehran, also came under U.S. bombardment with bunker-busting bombs. The U.S. struck the Isfahan Nuclear Technology as well with smaller munititions.
Israel separately targeted other sites associated with the program, including the .
Why have relations been so bad between Iran and the US?
Iran was once one of the U.S.鈥檚 top allies in the Mideast under , who purchased American military weapons and allowed CIA technicians to run secret listening posts monitoring the neighboring Soviet Union. The .
But in January 1979, the shah, fatally ill with cancer, fled Iran as mass demonstrations swelled against his rule. Then came the led by Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which created Iran鈥檚 theocratic government.
Later that year, , seeking the shah鈥檚 extradition and sparking the 444-day hostage crisis that saw diplomatic relations between Iran and the U.S. severed. During , the U.S. backed Saddam Hussein. During that conflict, the U.S. launched a one-day assault that crippled Iran at sea as part of the so-called and later it that the American military said it mistook for a warplane.
Iran and the U.S. have seesawed between enmity and grudging diplomacy in the years since, and relations peaked with the 2015 nuclear deal. But in 2018, sparking tensions in the Mideast that persist today, fanned by the Israel-Hamas war and Israel’s wider strikes across the region.
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