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“I am seeing more patients complaining about being unable to initiate sleep because of racing thoughts in their head, which is often because of underlying anxiety,” Dr. Sunil Bhalla, medical director of the North º£½ÇÉçÇø¹ÙÍøSleep Centre, told the Star.

“I think that’s just a result of life in general being more stressful than it used to be, because of financial (stressors), especially in the GTA, with the cost of living, all the changes in the world and our knowledge from social media. There’s so many things that can impact stress today.”

Unfortunately, sleep isn’t a state we can will ourselves into and trying to do so can often make insomnia worse. Take a closer look at the factors keeping us up at night and the simple habits doctors recommend for a restful night’s sleep.

What’s keeping us up at night?

According to Bhalla, insomnia “for many people” is rooted in anxiety, depression or other mood disorders — and “there’s obviously a higher burden of that with the way the world is at the moment,” he said.

People living with anxiety disorders have more than doubled in the last decade, . From 2012 to 2022, reports of generalized anxiety disorder rose from 2.6 per cent to 5.2 per cent, while those experiencing social phobia multiplied from 3.0 to 7.1 per cent.

These underlying issues must be addressed before one’s sleep issues are resolved, through medication or nonpharmaceutical treatments like cognitive behavioural therapy, Bhalla said. If you find anxiety is disrupting your daily life, .

Other disorders can mess up our rest too; sleep apnea, a relatively common condition, can repeatedly start and stop our breathing, disrupting our rest and leading to potentially serious medical conditions if untreated, Bhalla said. Other triggers, like restless leg syndrome or muscle cramps, can also serve to jolt us awake.

These can have serious health implications. If you feel fatigued during the day despite getting what felt like a full night’s rest, Bhalla recommends you see a doctor: “It can have a massive impact on your longevity.”

Daily habits messing up our sleep

Sleep disorders aside, many day-to-day factors can disrupt our sleep-wake cycle, or circadian rhythm, said Azadeh Yadollahi, a senior scientist with the University Health Network’s KITE rehabilitation institute.

This cycle relies on daylight to inform the body whether it’s time to rest or be active. But given our modern addiction to screens, many of us are staring directly at bright lights up until the moment we close our eyes, priming our bodies for activity when we should be winding down.

“Part of (our sleep-wake cycle) comes from external factors like daylight. But part of that also comes from routine,” she said. By going to bed and waking up at different times day to day, we’re preventing our bodies from settling into a groove and confusing our circadian rhythms.

Diet also plays a role; right before bed can impact sleep quality. Meanwhile, eating salt-heavy foods before bed can lead to swelling in the neck, pressing down on the airways and disrupting sleep in a way similar to sleep apnea, Yadollahi said.

Meanwhile, caffeine or alcohol intake before bed can similarly harm your sleep quality; while the latter might make it easier to fall asleep, .

Our partners can also be a major source of nightly strife, said Eva Libman, a sleep specialist based out of Montreal’s Jewish General Hospital. Differences in bed times, temperature preferences, nighttime movements or snoring can impact not only your rest, but your relationship.

“If differences between bed partners are intense enough that one of them is importantly sleep deprived, there needs to be a discussion about separate sleep space, even separate bedrooms, something that couples are very hesitant to reveal,” she said.

Seven tips for sleeping better

If you’re struggling to sleep, the following advice could help. But if you suspect your insomnia is linked to deeper issues like anxiety or sleep apnea, the experts recommend you speak with a medical professional first.

Set regular times for waking and sleeping: Sticking with a daily routine, even on weekends and holidays, helps to strengthen our circadian rhythms and inform our bodies when it’s time to rest, Bhalla said. 

Limit exposure to light in the evenings: Similarly, because our bodies know when to be active by the amount of light detected, try to limit your exposure in the evenings. If you like e-reading or watching videos before bed, dim your screen’s light settings or wear sunglasses (or blue-light glasses), Libman said.

Exercise during the day: Not getting enough exercise can interfere with our sleep, but so can working out too close to bedtime. Yadollahi recommends daily exercise, like walking, and to avoid .

Take an hour to wind down: Libman recommends avoiding all “alerting activities” an hour and a half before bed, like working, communicating with people or even “looking things up with great enthusiasm on the internet.” These can kick your brain back into high gear when it should be relaxing.

Raise your body temperature before bed: According to Bhalla, higher body temperatures promote natural melatonin release. There’s truth in the adage of a glass of warm milk before bed; a warm shower can also do the trick.

Read or listen to music in bed: Libman “very much recommends” reading or listening to music or a podcast before bed. These serve as a way to collect our racing thoughts, while placing them aside to focus on a story. If you feel yourself overcome with anxiety during the night, try reading in bed until you feel calm and drowsy again, she said.

Practise breathing exercises: In a similar vein, if you’re feeling bedtime anxiety, Libman recommends a simple breathing exercise, which can help bring calm and the effects of meditation “without the bells and whistles.” Give the following a try: breathe in through the nose for four seconds. Hold the breath for four counts. Exhale through the mouth for four seconds. Hold for four seconds. Repeat for at least five minutes.

Bhalla reiterates that there’s no harm in getting your sleep issues checked out and that improper sleep can lead to serious health issues potentially costing years of your life.

“From treating people with sleep apnea, the result is that people are actually living longer,” he said. “The worst case scenario is you’ve wasted a night’s sleep in a sleep clinic.”