VATICAN CITY (AP) 鈥 The Vatican鈥檚 鈥 trial of the century 鈥 had it all: part Dan Brown thriller, part John Grisham legal drama, part low-brow Shakespeare tragicomedy.
The financial whodunnit about the Holy See鈥檚 bungled 350 million euro investment in a London property was notable for its surreal cast of characters and exposure of Vatican vendettas, espionage and even papal ransom payments to Islamic militants.
The appeals trial opening Monday could be just as explosive.
WHY THIS MATTERS: The hearings could expose about the Vatican鈥檚 inner workings, including details about Pope Francis鈥 hands-on role in the whole, sordid affair. That鈥檚 because thousands of pages of private text messages among the players recently became public.
A recap of the initial trial
The original trial with its main focus on the London luxury property. 鈥疨rosecutors alleged brokers and Vatican monsignors fleeced the Holy See of tens of millions of euros in fees and commissions to acquire the property, then extorted the Holy See for 15 million euros ($16.5 million) to cede control of it.
TANGENTS EMERGED: The original investigation spawned two main tangents involving Cardinal Angelo Becciu, a once-powerful cardinal.
One of those tangents led to the extraordinary revelation that Francis had approved paying up to 1 million euros in kidnapped by al-Qaida linked Islamic militants in Mali.
WHO WAS CONVICTED: Becciu was for sending 100,000 euros in Vatican money to a charity controlled by his brother, and paying hundreds of thousands of euros in Vatican money to a self-styled security analyst. He was sentenced to 5 1/2 years in prison.
The tribunal convicted eight other defendants of embezzlement, abuse of office, fraud and other charges, but acquitted them of many counts.
All the defendants maintained their innocence and appealed.
Possible appeals trial flashpoints
THE TEXT MESSAGES In the two years since the verdicts were delivered, thousands of pages of WhatsApp exchanged between some of the players have become public, throwing fresh doubt about the and the Vatican legal system. These private communications, published by Domani newspaper, suggest questionable conduct by Vatican police, prosecutors and the late pope 鈥 and a behind-the-scenes effort to target Becciu.
鈥矷f it gets out that we all agreed, it鈥檚 the end,鈥 warned one message. 鈥淏ecause if we all knew, the trial is null and void and it鈥檚 a conspiracy.鈥
Lawyers for Becciu and other defendants seek to enter the chats into evidence; at least one devoted 80 pages of his appeals motion to them. The lawyers say the chats bolster their claims that their in an absolute monarchy where Francis intervened repeatedly in the investigation. They say the chats prove the investigation that led to the trial, willed by Francis as a sign of his commitment to financial reform, was contaminated from the start.
WHAT IT COULD CHANGE: Even if the chats are admitted, it鈥檚 unclear what effect they might have on the appeals, since the original verdicts were based on other evidence. Vatican officials have dismissed their relevance, saying the tribunal didn鈥檛 rely on the testimony of any of the people involved.
But the chats have already spawned follow-on criminal complaints in Vatican and Italian courts, and will likely be used by the defense in further appeals and legal wrangling. Once the Vatican verdicts become definitive, Italian, will be asked to implement them, including with possible prison sentences or financial damages seized from frozen bank accounts. Those foreign courts may weigh whether the Vatican trial was fair, and some defense lawyers say they are prepared to take their claims that it wasn鈥檛 to the European Court of Human Rights.
The Holy See insists the trial was fair and the defense was given every opportunity to present its side.
THE PROSECUTORS鈥 APPEALS While Becciu and eight others were convicted of some financial crimes, the tribunal largely threw out prosecutors鈥 overarching theory of a grand plot to defraud the Holy See. Prosecutor Alessandro Diddi, who will also prosecute the appeals case, on his original thesis and asked the court to reconsider all but a few of its acquittals.
In a text message to The Associated Press, Diddi declined to comment on the chats.
The cast of characters
CARDINAL ANGELO BECCIU The once-powerful cardinal had been considered a papal contender in a future conclave. Francis , before he was charged, after becoming convinced he was involved in financial misconduct stemming from his time as the No. 3 in the secretariat of state.
MONSIGNOR ALBERTO PERLASCA Perlasca was Becciu鈥檚 deputy and headed the Vatican administrative office that handled the London investment. Because of that role, Perlasca was initially a prime suspect. But after his first round of questioning in April 2020, Perlasca fired his lawyer, changed his story and began cooperating with prosecutors.
Perlasca escaped indictment and was eventually listed as an injured party, entitling him to damages. Only during the trial did it emerge that Perlasca had been persuaded to change his story to turn on Becciu.
FRANCESCA CHAOUQUI Perhaps none of the trial鈥檚 surreal twists was as jaw-dropping as when Chaouqui, , emerged as having had the starring role in persuading Perlasca to change his testimony.
Chaouqui, a public relations specialist, is known for her role in , when she was convicted by the same tribunal of conspiring to leak confidential Vatican documents to journalists and received a 10-month suspended sentence.
When Perlasca was being questioned on the stand, it emerged that Chaouqui had engaged in an elaborate plot with a Perlasca family friend to persuade him to turn on Becciu.
Chaouqui declined the AP鈥檚 request for comment.
KEY BACKGROUND: Chaouqui openly nurtured a grudge against Becciu because she blamed him for her Vatileaks prosecution. She saw the London investigation as a chance to expose what she said were Becciu鈥檚 lies and crimes, but she needed Perlasca to turn on Becciu to accomplish it.
GENEVIEVE CIFERRI Ciferri is the family friend desperate to help Perlasca avoid prosecution. The 3,225 pages of WhatsApp messages are the four years of correspondence, from 2020-2024, between her and Chaouqui. According to the chats, the two devised a plan in which Chaouqui posed as a retired magistrate and passed legal advice onto Perlasca via Ciferri. Ciferri turned over some of the messages to Vatican prosecutors after she grew suspicious of Chaouqui, whom she believed had lied about her close relations to the investigators and Francis.
In a statement to AP, Ciferri said the chats were of no importance to the appeals trial itself, since the convictions didn鈥檛 hinge on Perlasca鈥檚 testimony. She said the chats were instead a 鈥渃ollateral鈥 affair that was being investigated separately.
鈥淐ontinuing to exaggerate the importance of the chat messages makes no sense and is only a useless pretext, while the appeal will be based on the actual crimes and the individual responsibilities of each person for each count,鈥 Ciferri wrote.
The Vatican hasn鈥檛 disputed the authenticity of the audio or commented on its contents.
POPE FRANCIS The trial revealed that Francis had intervened in the investigation by penning four secret decrees that greatly benefited prosecutors. The decrees, signed in 2019 and 2020, gave prosecutors wide-ranging powers to investigate, including via unchecked wiretapping and deviating from existing laws.
Francis鈥 role bigger than previously known
Defense lawyers said such secret intervention in a criminal investigation by an with supreme legislative, executive and judicial power confirmed that there was no separation of powers in the Vatican and that the defendants couldn鈥檛 get a fair trial.
The tribunal dismissed the significance of the decrees. The prosecutor defended them for providingunspecified guarantees.
FRANCIS鈥 MESSAGES: But then came the WhatsApp messages, which showed Francis had an even greater role. There are references to prosecutors speaking with Francis about the investigation, claims by Chaouqui that she was working for him and detailed descriptions of interactions between Francis and Perlasca, who lived in the same Vatican hotel.
Francis even lent Perlasca money after his Vatican bank accounts were frozen, the correspondence shows.
The messages include photographs of correspondence between Francis and Perlasca, including one in which Perlasca asks the pope for forgiveness and for help getting a new job in the Vatican diplomatic service once he had decided to cooperate with prosecutors. In another, the pope encouraged him on the eve of his second round of questioning, when he turned definitively on Becciu.
鈥淒ear brother,鈥 Francis wrote Perlasca Aug. 19, 2020, a few days before the questioning. 鈥淭hanks so much for your letter of yesterday. I am close to you and I pray for you. Please do the same for me. You can count on me.鈥
Perlasca is now a prosecutor in another Vatican court.
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Associated Press religion coverage receives support through the AP鈥檚 with The Conversation US, with funding from Lilly Endowment Inc. The AP is solely responsible for this content.
