WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥 Since President Donald Trump announced his intent to end a half-century of U.S. sanctions on Syria, a debate has developed in his administration over how quickly and thoroughly that should happen.
At risk could be the future of a transitional government run by those who late last year and hopes that it can stabilize the country after a that has left millions dead or displaced, the and thousands of foreign fighters still on Syrian soil.
U.S. presidents have over the years on the autocratic family that previously controlled Syria, and those could be quickly lifted or waived through executive action. But Congress imposed and would have to permanently remove them.
, the former militant commander who led the overthrow, says he is working to build an inclusive government friendly to the West. Some Trump administration officials are pushing to as fast as possible without demanding tough conditions first.
Others in the administration have proposed a phased approach, giving short-term waivers soon on some sanctions and then tying extensions or a wider executive order to Syria meeting conditions, which could substantially slow 鈥 or even permanently prevent 鈥 longer-term relief. That would impede the interim government鈥檚 ability to after the war, critics say.
鈥淭he Syria sanctions are a complex web of statutes, executive actions and United Nations Security Council resolutions that have to be unwound thoughtfully and cautiously,鈥 White House National Security Council spokesman Max Bluestein said.
The administration is 鈥渃urrently analyzing the optimal way to do so鈥 and would have an announcement soon, Bluestein said in a statement Thursday to The Associated Press.
A State Department proposal circulated among officials after on his Middle East trip last week lays out sweeping conditions for future phases of relief or permanent lifting of sanctions, including dismantling Palestinian militant groups as a top demand, according to a senior U.S. official familiar with the plan, who was not authorized to comment publicly and spoke on condition of anonymity.
Additional proposals are circulating, including one shared this week that broadly emphasized taking all the action possible, as fast as possible, to help Syria rebuild, the official said.
A welcome US announcement in Syria
People danced in the streets of Damascus after Trump announced in Saudi Arabia last week that he would 鈥渂e ordering the cessation of sanctions against Syria in order to give them a chance at greatness.鈥
鈥淲e’re taking them all off,鈥 Trump said a day before . 鈥淕ood luck, Syria. Show us something special.鈥
This week, Secretary of State Marco Rubio advocated for a hedged approach in .
Rubio pushed for sanctions relief to start quickly, saying Syria鈥檚 five-month-old transition government could be weeks from 鈥渃ollapse and a full-scale civil war of epic proportions.鈥
But asked what sanctions relief should look like overall, Rubio gave a one-word explanation: 鈥淚ncremental.鈥
Washington has levied sanctions against Syria’s former ruling family since 1979 over its support for Hezbollah and other Iranian-allied militant groups, its alleged chemical weapons program and its brutality against civilians as the Assad family fought to stay in power.
The sanctions include heavy penalties for outside companies or investors doing business there. Syria needs tens of billions of dollars in investment to restore its battered infrastructure and help the estimated .
Syria鈥檚 interim leaders 鈥渄idn鈥檛 pass their background check with the FBI,鈥 Rubio acknowledged to lawmakers this week. The group that al-Sharaa led, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, was originally affiliated with al-Qaida, although it later renounced ties and took a more moderate tone. It is still listed by the U.S. as a terrorist organization.
But al-Sharaa’s government could be the best chance for rebuilding the country and avoiding a power vacuum that could allow for a resurgence of the Islamic State and other extremist groups.
鈥淚f we engage them, it may work out, it may not work out. If we do not engage them, it was guaranteed to not work out,鈥 Rubio said.
Mouaz Moustafa, executive director of the U.S.-based Syrian Emergency Task Force and an advocate who has been influential in helping shape past U.S. policy on Syria, said he has been circulating a framework for a proposed executive order that would allow Trump to quickly remove many of the sanctions.
Trump鈥檚 move to lift the penalties is aimed at 鈥減reventing a failed state and ending perpetual violence,鈥 but some in the administration are trying to 鈥渨ater down鈥 the decision, Moustafa asserted.
Debate within the Trump administration
The initial document sent out last week by the State Department’s policy and planning staff proposed a three-phase road map for sanctions relief, starting with short-term waivers. Progress toward additional relief and an outright lifting of penalties in future phases would be tied to tough conditions that generated pushback from some officials.
Removing 鈥淧alestinian terror groups鈥 from Syria is first on the list of requirements to get to the second phase. Supporters of sanctions relief say the condition might be impossible, given the subjectivity of determining which groups meet that definition and at what point they can be declared removed.
Other conditions for moving to the second phase are for the new government to take custody of detention facilities housing Islamic State fighters in northeast Syria and to carry out a recent deal with the U.S.-backed, Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces 鈥 which manages the detention facilities 鈥 that includes .
To get to phase three, Syria would be required to join the Abraham Accords 鈥 normalized relations with Israel 鈥 and to prove that it had destroyed all of the previous government鈥檚 chemical weapons.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu previously pushed for the Trump administration not to lift sanctions on Syria. Israel has been suspicious of the new government, although Syrian officials have said publicly that they do not want a conflict with Israel.
Since Assad fell, Israel has launched hundreds of airstrikes and seized a U.N.-patrolled buffer zone in Syria.
Congressional sanctions on Syria will take much longer to lift
While some of the sanctions can be lifted by executive action, others face a more complex process.
The most difficult could be the Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act, a wide-reaching set of sanctions passed by Congress in 2019 in response to alleged war crimes by Assad鈥檚 government.
It specifically blocks reconstruction activities, and although it can be waived for 180 days by executive order, investors are likely to be wary of reconstruction projects when sanctions could be reinstated after six months.
In a meeting last week in Turkey with Syria’s foreign minister, Rubio and Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham explained that they supported Trump鈥檚 call to ease sanctions immediately but that permanent relief would require action by the Syrian government to meet conditions that the president laid out, according to other U.S. officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss internal deliberations.
鈥淲e have a moment here to provide some capability to this new government that should be conditions-based,鈥 Graham said this week. 鈥淎nd I don鈥檛 want that moment to pass.鈥
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Sewell reported from Beirut. AP Diplomatic Writer Matthew Lee in Washington contributed to this report.
