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Hearing a knock at the door late on April 5, 2023, Dotson put on a robe, went downstairs and grabbed a handgun before answering. Police outside shined a flashlight as Dotson appeared and raised the firearm before three police officers opened fire, killing him. Dotson did not shoot.

鈥淯ltimately, given the significant threat Dotson posed when he pointed his firearm at officers ... the immediacy of that threat, the proximity between Dotson and the defendant officers, and considering that the events unfolded in only a few seconds, the court finds that the defendant officers reasonably applied deadly force,鈥� U.S. District Court Judge Matthew Garcia said in a written court opinion.

The judge also said the officers were entitled under the circumstances to qualified immunity 鈥� special legal protections that prevent people from suing over claims that police or government workers violated their constitutional rights.

The opinion was published May 15 鈥� the same day the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in a separate case that courts should weigh the totality of circumstances and not just a 鈥渕oment of threat鈥� when judging challenges to police shootings under the Fourth Amendment.

Tom Clark, one of the Dotson family’s attorneys, said the lawsuit against Farmington police will move forward on other claims under tort law and provisions of the New Mexico Civil Rights Act, which limits immunity for police and other government agencies.

Defense attorneys said in court filings that the officers acted reasonably under 鈥渢he totality of circumstances,鈥� noting that they repeatedly knocked and announced that police had arrived and saying Dotson 鈥減osed an imminent threat of death or great bodily harm to police.鈥�

Philip Stinson, a professor of criminal justice at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, said Tuesday that court evaluations of police immunity in shootings 鈥渟ometimes lead to results that end up leaving you scratching your head.鈥�

鈥淗ere the court is saying the police made a mistake 鈥� but in that moment they were confronted with a decision to use deadly force,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 don’t think this is the last word in this case.鈥�

Lawyers for Dotson’s family emphasized that police were at the wrong address and that he was likely blinded by the flashlight with little inkling that police were there. They said officers did not give him sufficient time to comply with commands as an officer shouted, 鈥淗ey, hands up.鈥�

According to the lawsuit, Dotson鈥檚 wife, wearing only a robe, came downstairs after hearing the shots and found her husband lying in the doorway. She fired outside, not knowing who was out there. Police fired 19 rounds but missed her.