TAN TAN, Morocco (AP) 鈥 The U.S. military is backing off its usual talk of good governance and countering insurgencies’ underlying causes, instead leaning into a message that its fragile allies in Africa must be ready to stand more on their own.
At , its largest joint training exercise on the continent, that shift was clear: 鈥淲e need to be able to get our partners to the level of independent operations,鈥 said in an interview with The Associated Press.
鈥淭here needs to be some burden sharing,” Langley, the U.S. military鈥檚 top official in Africa, said on Friday, the final day of the exercise.
For four weeks, troops from more than 40 countries rehearsed how to confront threats by air, land, and sea. They flew drones, simulated close-quarters combat and launched satellite-guided rockets in the desert.
Maneuvers mirrored previous editions of African Lion, now in its 25th year. But mostly gone now is language that emphasizes ideas the U.S. once argued set it apart from Russia and China.
Messaging about the interwoven work of , and once formed the core of Washington鈥檚 security pitch. In their place now are calls for helping allies build capacity to manage their own security, which Langley said was a priority for President Donald Trump鈥檚 Defense Department.
鈥淲e have our set priorities now 鈥 protecting the homeland. And we鈥檙e also looking for other countries to contribute to some of these global instability areas,鈥 he said, referencing
The shift comes as the U.S. military “build a leaner, more lethal force,鈥 including potentially cutting military leadership positions , where America’s rivals continue to deepen their influence.
China has launched its own expansive training program for African militaries. and cementing their role as security partner of choice throughout North, West and Central Africa.
In Langley emphasized what U.S. military officials have long called a 鈥渨hole of government approach” to countering insurgency. Even amid setbacks, he defended the U.S. approach and said force alone couldn’t stabilize weak states and protect U.S. interests against the risk of violence spilling out.
鈥淚鈥檝e always professed that AFRICOM is not just a military organization,鈥 Langley said last year. He called good governance an 鈥渆nduring solution to a number of layered threats 鈥 whether it be desertification, whether it be crop failure from changing environments, or whether it be from violent extremist organizations.鈥
The 鈥渨hole of government approach” no longer occupies the same place at the center of U.S. messaging, though Langley said holistic efforts have worked in places like , where development coupled with defense had reduced attacks by jihadi groups near its volatile northern border.
But such successes aren’t a pattern.
鈥淚鈥檝e seen progression and I鈥檝e seen regression,鈥 said Langley, who is scheduled to exit his post later this year.
As the US steps back, insurgencies gain ground
The U.S. military’s new posture comes even though many African armies remain ill-equipped and insurgent groups expand.
鈥淲e see Africa as the epicenter for both al-Qaida and Islamic State,鈥 a senior U.S. defense official said earlier this month, noting both groups had growing regional affiliates and the Islamic State group had shifted command and control to Africa. The official spoke on condition of anonymity because he wasn’t authorized to discuss the issue publicly.
Africa has rarely ranked high on the Pentagon’s list of priorities, but the U.S. has still spent hundreds of millions of dollars on security assistance and has roughly 6,500 Africa Command personnel on the continent. In some regions, the U.S. faces direct competition from Russia and China. In others, regional affiliates of al-Qaida and the IS still require direct military action, Langley said.
The messaging shift from 鈥渨hole of government鈥 to more burden-sharing comes as fears grow that rising violence could spread beyond hotspots where insurgents have expanded influence and found vacuums in which they can consolidate power.
Parts of of both East and West Africa have emerged as epicenters of violence. In 2024, more than half of the world鈥檚 terrorism victims were killed across West Africa’s , a vast desert territory ruled by military juntas, according to the Institute for Economics and Peace. The group, which compiles yearly terrorism statistics, also found accounted for 6% of all terrorism-related deaths, making it the deadliest for terrorism in Africa outside the Sahel.
Since Trump took office, the U.S. military airstrikes in , targeting IS and al-Shabab operatives. But despite air support, Somalia’s army remains far from being able to maintain security on the ground, Langley acknowledged.
鈥淭he Somali National Army is trying to find their way,鈥 Langley said, adding that they had regained some footing after years of setbacks. 鈥淭here are some things they still need on the battlefield to be very effective.鈥
Similarly in West Africa, the notion that states could soon have the capacity to counter such threats is a distant prospect, said Beverly Ochieng, an analyst at Control Risks, a security consulting firm. Even before Western influence began to wane in the Sahel, needed military support was limited, threats remained active, and local militaries were left without the tools to confront them.
Western powers with a presence in the Sahel have gradually their engagement, either by choice or by increasingly hostile governments.
鈥淢any of them do not have very strong air forces and are not able to monitor the movement of militants, especially in areas where roads are very difficult to traverse, the infrastructure is extremely poor,鈥 Ochieng, who specializes in the Sahel and Great Power competition in Africa, said.
